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Liberty and Public Health

12 Dec 2006 12:06 pm

I don't know anything about so-called "trans fats" so I'm afraid I don't have a real view on whether or not they should be banned. It does occur to me, however, to say something about the general structure of these arguments. Namely, that in the realm of food-consumption, there are oftentimes tradeoffs between deliciousness and health. But it's not a symmetrical relationship. We can quantify the unhealthiness of, say, Swedish fish much more precisely than we can quantify the tastiness of said candies.

One result of this is oftentimes to unduly bias policy in favor of health and away from fun. You can see this especially in the discussion of, say, marijuana. Personally, I don't care for the stuff. Obviously, though, many people do enjoy it. Under the circumstances, reducing marijuana consumption is both a cost and a benefit of marijuana prohibition -- making people healthier, but also leading people to have less fun. But while scientists can tell us something about the ill health consequences of pot smoking, it's hard to say exactly what the "fun cost" of making it harder for people to get high is. Which is where liberty tends to enter the picture -- people are left to muddle-through on their own terms trying to decide how much fun is worth how much ill-health and, as you can see from the large amount of food-and-exercise-related guilt we see among high-SES Americans, often not muddling-through in a way they find completely satisfactory.

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Comments (68)

What makes the trans fat case different is that there isn't really a "fun benefit" experienced by the consumer. Businesses like trans fats because they have a long shelf life and are a cheap medium for deep frying. That's all that there is to be said in favor of them.

Information asymmetry rears its ugly head here, along with the economic structure of the processed food industry. It is interesting that you, a fairly well-educated and knowledgable person, don't know anything about trans fats (apparently you missed the two Newsweek cover stories in the last 3 years). Here's the scoop:

1) they are really, really bad for people's hearts
2) the damage shows up in the 40-80 time period (oops, that's me)
3) 20-somethings who exercise a bit can eat as much of them as they like - until they turn 40 and their hearts seize up
4) any goopy and especially sweet-and-goopy product will be /cheaper to make/ with trans fats, and will have a longer shelf life and somewhat goopier "mouth feel" - which is what Americans are all about these days.

Do you see the basic problem here? There is no way you can make an "informed choice", and the economic structure of the processed food industry drive _every_ food manufacturer to use as much of them as they can.

Hey, but go for it. If you don't mind bypass surgery at age 45.

Cranky

While your last point is fair, it seems to veer in a new, uncertain rhetorical direction. People don't balance fun and health quite satisfactorily on their own, and therefore....the nanny state must do the balancing for them? ....life is pain, and the pursuit of happiness is a chimera? Maybe you're saving this for your next post.

Your marijuana example is not a good one for this argument. The "health cost" of pot is in it's prohibition. Sick people benefit from marijuana, and not having it available is a cost to their health. And the cost to the health of non-sick people who smoke pot is arguably nil.

We can quantify the unhealthiness of, say, Swedish fish much more precisely than we can quantify the tastiness of said candies.

Not at all. You can simply ask people to rate it. But, you* cry**, "won't people disagree?" Well, yes, but at least we'll know how much they disagree, i.e. we'll see the statistical properties of the reaction. Also, it is likely to have a fairly low standard deviation. This is generally true of other items of aesthetic appreciation (e.g. beauty); I think it would be likely here. Perhaps the research is out there--I would bet Keebler has an awesome database.
I think we're pretty far away from that kind of precision with health effects.

*not you, Matt
**OK, "declaim" or "demur"

Do you see the basic problem here? There is no way you can make an "informed choice"

Um, can you explain this to me? Why is there no way I can make an informed choice? All they have to do is give me the information about how much trans fat is contained in a particular food, and I can most certainly make an informed choice.

Do trans fats really provide mouthfeel that you can't get without trans fats? Or just more economical mouthfeel?

Swedish fish!

A couple of comments assert that trans-fats have no "fun" component -- they're only cheaper. Strange assertion. If companies can make their ding dongs or their fries more cheaply, then people can consume more ding dongs and fries -- fun, fun, fun.

Also, there really is no health-yumminess trade-off here since, 1) nearly everything that has transfats is pretty gross when you get down to it.

2) Using something other than transfats would not make anything taste worse and in many cases would make things taste better, especially if places would use more lard in cooking. Since lard is actually healthier for you than transfats, if there is a health-yumminess trade-off it goes all in favor of _not_ using transfats.

The fun benefit of trans fats stems mainly from the fact that they're similar in taste/physical properties/mechanism of ill health effects to saturated fats, which seem to be somewhat better for you than trans fat based on the latest info, although neither is very healthy. They also have nice shelf-lives and aren't too expensive. Average intake is pretty low compared to other fats (I think the FDA's estimate is 2.6% of calories). Based on Hu et al (the biggest of the epidelogical studies on trans fats) I think you get a relative risk of around 1.67 for if you take 2% (around 80% of avg trans fat intake) of your cals in trans fat vs sat fat. Note that the absolute risk increase in Hu et al would also be around a 0.7% increase in the chance of a coronary heart disease.

The problem with trans fats is that the science moved faster than the legal or economic frameworks. It's only recently that the consumption of trans-fats was identified as a serious problem, worse than ordinary fast. And unlike cigarettes, people can't tell when they're consuming them. Manufacturers have no market-driven reasons to avoid trans-fats; the costs may be high but they are deferred a number of years and in any case borne by someone else.

So this is a pretty good circumstance for pre-emptive intervention by legislation.

Legislation can often act as an opinion leader; the same liberty-vs-public health argument was made when cigarettes were banned from the workplace and required to carry clear warning labels a few years back. Today there is broad consensus that filling the office with clouds of smoke would be sociopathically harmful to others and selling cigarettes without labels is unacceptably deceptive.

I'd just like to point out that the savings of transfats vs. non-transfat-equivalents is below the margin. If you are three packages of Twinkies every single day of the year, your food costs would be about $35 more using standard non-transfat-equivalents than transfats. For most people, it would be under $20. This is well below the point at which government intervention is extraordinarily cost-effective. Even if some could argue with a straight face that there are people who can't afford to avoid transfats, the government could just subsidize food producers and achieve the same outcome.

> If you are three packages of Twinkies every
> single day of the year, your food costs would
> be about $35 more using standard
> non-transfat-equivalents than transfats.

You are assuming that the non-trans-fat equivalents are even on the market. Having worked to eliminate as much trans fat as I can from my diet, I can tell you that that is NOT the case (unless you have Dick Cheney's money and can afford to shop at Whole Foods). Somewhat easier since the labeling requirements came into effect, but not much easier.

Cranky

Consumers currently may not be able to purchase equivalent non-transfat products. But producers certainly could substitute out the transfats with very little price increase. What I'm saying is that they could pass these increased costs on to consumers with very little pain, or the government could just reimburse them for doing so at a very low cost (from a "lives saved" standpoint).

Junk food producers have responded to the recent information about transfats. There are lots of products out there that say "no transfats" in large print on their packaging. So it would be hard to justify a general ban on transfats.

The argument seems to be that since restaurant's ingredients are hidden from consumers, it is appropriate for the state to ban the use of harmful ingredients for which reasonable substitutes are available.

The taste for this kind of paternalism varies by geography, demography and other factors. It doesn't seem to be a very serious deprivation of liberty. Assuming New Yorkers have a taste for paternalism, this seems like an okay way to satisfy it.

The economics profession has tackled this. It's called "valuation," with subcategories for "revealed preference" and "stated preference."

Revealed preference - How much less dope do you smoke when the price goes up?

Stated preference - How much would you be willing to pay for better dope?

Honest.

(Dope doesn't make a good example for "stated preference" because there is already a price for it. Stated preference is more suited for goods that aren't bought and sold.

As in, "How much would you be willing to pay for more wilderness preservation?")

Environmental economics leads the way.

> But producers certainly could substitute
> out the transfats with very little price
> increase. What I'm saying is that they
> could pass these increased costs on to
> consumers with very little pain, or the
> government could

If forced to do so by, say, a government law, sure. But you are missing the economics of a high-volume business: once your competitor finds a cheaper way to do something, even marginally cheaper, you MUST do it also. Otherwise you will be driven under in short order, by Wal-Mart if no one else. You can't just sit there with a higher cost structure unless you have something perceived to be "better" to offer (as Whole Foods tries to do). Call it Cranky's Iron Law of Crappy Food Additives.

Cranky

Neil,

Substituting sat fats and trans fats for each other is literally the same as substituting butter (sat fat) and margarine (often trans fat) for each other. Sometimes it works and nobody will notice, sometimes it's a little different but still good, sometimes it doesn't work. Trans fats can be made with a somewhat creamier feel to them if desired too - think butter vs margarine again. It is very difficult to substitute cis fats for trans fats, though, because of melting point differences.

Henry, the new "No Transfats" labels in large print are the only changes in the products.

The regulations permit "No Transfats labels on any product with up to half a gram of transfats per serving. And you're free to redefine serving size as you like to hit that limit.

Which means they've managed to ride the wave of transfat notoriety and turn it into a nifty marketing campaign. I mean, you have to wonder if industry spends more on loophole lawyers and lobbyists than the do on compliance.

That's pretty funny. But it does show that trying to regulate this kind of thing is harder in practice than in theory.

When I'm traveling, its really convenient to take my kids to McDonalds.

When we go there, they like to eat the fries.

What am I supposed to do, keep driving until I find a fast food restaurant that doesn't use trans fats to make their fries?

I'd rather they were banned from all restaurants so that I don't have to worry about it. According to all accounts, the difference in taste and cost is marginal, so what's the problem?

The claim that trans fats are a serious health risk appears to be greatly exaggerated. It's also not unrelated to other sorts of claims about why we're supposed to trust the government to protect us from supposedly terrible threats. See the link.

exactly what are these putative negative health effects of marijuana smoking?????????

"exactly what are these putative negative health effects of marijuana smoking?????????"

Among other things, forgetting to capitalize and over-punctuating.

"...the difference in taste and cost is marginal, so what's the problem?"

Combine "...cost is marginal..." with "Billions Served" and you have your answer. Marginal costs are everything in fast food. But if all of your competitors have the same hit to marginal costs, it's no big deal.

Jim,
You are supposed to behave like a parent and put your children's health over convenience. If you believe that eating McDonald's fries will harm your children, then yes, you are supposed to keep driving until you find some other fries you believe are healthier, or you are supposed to say NO to your kids. It's not the government's job to make it more convenient for you to indulge your children. And if you're actually worried about your children's fat intake, you shouldn't be feeding them fries.

The claim that trans fats are a serious health risk appears to be greatly exaggerated. It's also not unrelated to other sorts of claims about why we're supposed to trust the government to protect us from supposedly terrible threats. See the link.

Can we go back about seven weeks and you can have my stroke for me?

>> The claim that trans fats are a serious health
>> risk appears to be greatly exaggerated.

> Can we go back about seven weeks and
> you can have my stroke for me?

Yeah, I am not sure where that line of propeganda came from. After the situation that persuaded me to avoid trans fats, I looked up a lot of medical and nutritional research from the last 10 years. Pretty much every study during that time period came to exponentially worse conclusions about the adverse effects of partially hydrogenated oils, which makes sense when you consider they (1) only came into extreme use in the 1980s (2) pose a long-term threat.

I don't like the processed food industry, but I actually don't blame them for this one: they were responding to the dissonant desire of Americans in the 80s for both "low fat" and "lots of sweet goopy stuff". Hence trans fats, sugar substitutes, etc. But now that we see what is going on let's get it fixed.

Cranky

Give me a break. Having fries once in a while (we only do it when we go on trips) is not going to kill anyone. I think we as a society have a right to enforce certain health standards on fast food restaurants if the costs of doing so are marginal.

There is debate about whether the costs of replacing trans-fats in foods are negligible or not. But that's because the cost of health insurance is excluded when you buy that packet of cookies.

Unless you can find a way to include the health-care/risk premium in the price of a packet of cookies, the market won't solve this problem. Legislation will be the most efficient way of getting a good outcome.

The fuss caused by the ban in a city far away from here seems to be doing quite a bit of good already.

What about computer prices and carpal tunnel syndrome? Probably a pretty big risk premium is needed there. Large screen TVs will have to cover all kinds of risks associated with a sedentary lifestyle. Roller blade prices will deal with risks associated with a non-sedentary lifestyle. And Julia Child's cookbooks, all of which recommend heavy use of butter, cream, etc., will probably be priced off the market. Unless this can be fixed, I suppose we'll have to ban them all.

"Yeah, I am not sure where that line of propeganda came from. After the situation that persuaded me to avoid trans fats, I looked up a lot of medical and nutritional research from the last 10 years. Pretty much every study during that time period came to exponentially worse conclusions about the adverse effects of partially hydrogenated oils, which makes sense when you consider they (1) only came into extreme use in the 1980s (2) pose a long-term threat."

Translation: there's actually almost no epidemiological evidence that trans fats increase the risk of CVD, but I'm sure there will be some eventually. Trans fats have been in wide use for a century. Oreo cookies hit the market in 1915, and Crisco is older than that.

If you want to say something, Mr. Campos, go ahead and say it. But please do not "translate" my words if you don't mind.

Cranky

I'd just add that trans-fats aren't found at all in nature. Removing them as an additive/substitute in food is more akin to removing asbestos from buildings. They're used mostly because the chemical reaction to make them from soybean oil is not too difficult, and soybeans are one of the things our subsidized farming excretes out in high quantities.

OK Cranky, no need to be eponymous.

Anyway:

There are hundreds of risk factors that have been identified for heart disease. Elevated LDL is one. And yet fully half of all heart disease doesn't even correlate with these various risks. On top of that, while elevated LDL is a risk factor for heart disease, increased trans fat consumption is not, or is in only the most marginal and dubious way.

Furthermore, the same people, like CSPI, who are now demonizing trans fat, were demonizing animal fat and praising trans fat just 15 years ago. How much new evidence has been gathered since then? Not much, really. We actually don't know if trans fat plays any causal role in increased risk for CVD. It *may* play some very marginal role, but this notion that one can make a significant dent in CVD rates by banning the use of trans fat is pretty close to magical thinking in my opinion. It's just part of what seems to be a deep psychological need to believe that we can exercise control over our health at a level that's pretty unrealistic.

Let's talk the ultimate fun food: popcorn cooked in coconut oil. It is terrible for you. (Coconut oil is trans fat's ugly stepsister.)

That's all I've got to say on that. It's all too sad to think about.

Sorry, but I do know something about trans fats (they're extremely unhealthy, more so even than saturated fats), and Ezra's got a much better argument than you. He argues that banning them is a good idea, because if you just go the information route, well-educated, well-off people will stop eating trans fats and will therefore benefit, poor people will still be eating trans fats, and the gap in health outcomes between the groups, already huge, will grow even more. That's a compelling argument for me. Incidentally, trans fats don't lead to "fun," i.e., they don't taste better than other fats. What they do add to is food company profits (they're cheap to make).

This is the kind of post you might write after having the wrong thing for lunch.

For starters, there are no health benefits from not smoking pot, as shown by a 20 year longitudinal study by Kaiser-Permanente. There are, however, substantial costs from making it illegal, as shown by the trillion-dollar cost of the "Drug Wars" over the past 30 years.

That example involves mainly adults deciding to use a substance they know about. The case of trans-fats involves a lot of children being fed a substance that they don't even know is in the food. So the actual case of trans-fats is closer to the old practice of putting chalk in the flour, and the case for banning them could rest simply on the difficulty of requiring honest labelling by food processors, which we can easily see by reading labels is substantial.

Only in the post-prandial land of Nod is it difficult to make a policy distinction between a natural substance people knowingly choose to use, and an unnatural substance secretively substituted for a natural food ingredient.

Well Dr. Allen, I'm well-educated and well-off, and I'm not going to go out of my way to avoid trans fats, because the tiny potential decrease in my risk for CVD that I might gain from avoiding them isn't worth the cost to me of not eating Oreo cookies and the like now and then. I suspect that a whole lot of other people feel the same way. And I don't find the argument that poor people should be forced to bear the cost of upper-class neuroses about contamination by "bad" foods particularly compelling.

As for the economics of trans fat, naturally the restaurant industry is against this sort of ban, but the position of the food industry as a whole is much more complex, since they make big profits on foods they can label as trans fat free, or whatever the faux-poisonous substance of the moment happens to be (no-carb, no-fat, no-sugar etc. etc.).

As someone who cooks bacon in bacon drippings I don't care. Trans-fat doesn't taste as good as saturated, I think.

However, I do remember getting lectured about my saturated fat from back in the day when trans-fat was supposed to be a better alternative which leads me back to just eating what tastes good largely believing dietery science is somewhere between phrenology and astrology.

Henry, you're on the right track. Companies already spend quite a bit on ergonomic furniture for computer-bound staff, communities require helmets for inline skaters, and public health bodies make a lot of effort to educate people on the benefits of eating well and getting off the couch occasionally.

But you can't design your way around transfats, or protect yourself, and education alone is insufficient, as we saw with the proliferation of "No Transfats" labels on products containing transfats. So a ban may be warranted.

so SES stands for---- smile empty soul----- or what?

A modest step towards quantifying the costs of the war on marijuana: weed makes my wife horny. By making it harder to get the stuff, the government increases the chances that our marriage will go bust, thus potentially damaging the financial security and emotional and intellectual health of our two children.

This is why I am proposing HR 3673, the Defense of Marriage Act, to legalize and deregulate the manufacture and sale of reefer...

Rebecca Allen: what are you doing, making an argument based on actual logic and expertise in the area of discussion?! You are obviously on the wrong blog!

The actual impetus for passage of the federal anti-marijuana laws was not health-based at all. Rather, if you study the history, you will learn that the laws that made pot illegal were passed for the rational legislative purpose of keeping those filthy Mexicans from raping our white women.

The name you're looking for is "Anslinger."

The most recent study that came out seemed to observe a small, yet detectable, protective effect upon the lungs, when pot was regularly smoked over many years. Yeah, I know, suprised me, too.

But the science is the last thing the feds want anyone to look at.

If manufacturers had no reason to avoid transfat, then why the hell are there thousands of products that advertise "No Trans Fats"? Look around the grocery store sometime, that sign is all over the place. This happens because to the contrary of what many commenters here seem to believe, many Americans do care about their health, and watch pretty closely what they eat.

Plenty of people are already avoiding trans fats, and I think it was only a matter of time before they were relegated to the compost heap of history next to Olean.

It doesn't bother me too much that I can't get food fried in trans fats in New York, but it just seems like a bad idea to ban something every time dietary consensus changes. A few years ago the same people who are trying to ban trans fats where pushing them on us as a healthy substitute to saturated fats. I'm just happy they didn't ban those.

Barry E.,

To protect our womenfolk from filthy Mexicans you say? And here I had thought it was the Negro jazz musician threat. Live and learn.

I think the main negative health effect of banning marijuana is what's used as a legal substitute for self-medication. I'm a drinker, not a smoker, but I can't believe that alcohol (particularly distilled spirits) is healthier than marijuana. People die all the time from alcohol poisoning, I've never heard of anyone die of a marijuana overdose.

In a rational world, we'd quantify the ill effects of alcohol (since we know that's never going to be banned again)-- any recreational drug that is is safer should be legalized.

When did "hydrogenated oils" (such as Crisco) come to be referred to as "trans fats"? After the term "hydrogenated oils" had acquired a bad name?

The problem with restaurants is that very few customers know how their foods are prepared--they will not know whether the foods are prepared in trans fats or not. And it is doubtful that many customers would think to interrogate their wait-persons in detail on that issue--even if the wait-persons would know.

I wonder (fear) what happens when the nanny statists realize how many people doctors and nurses manage to kill every year.

From bantransfats.com

]]] In the illustration above, the light grey rounded areas are hydrogen atoms and the dark grey areas are carbon atoms. Note the different positioning of the hydrogen atoms in the middle which is caused by partial hydrogenation. The hydrogen atoms in the middle are in a "trans" position which makes this a "trans" fatty acid. The effect is to straighten out the molecules so they can pack together more closely and make the oil less liquid and more solid. [[[

Fully hydrogenated oils are not trans fats. Partially hydrogentated oils are. The technical term "trans fat" probably worked its way into the general vocabulary to help distinguish between these two forms.

Also, contra a post above, certain natural foods contain very small amounts of naturally-produced partially hydrogenated oils. Nowhere near as much as a store-bought cookie though.

Not Really

A few comments here:

(1) The idea that trans fats are unhealthy is by no means new. I first heard the distinction between cis and trans isomers back in the 80s, or maybe earlier, and some nutritionists were starting to ask if margarine was really healthier than butter. It wasn't that people were saying that trans fats were healthier, as some here have commented. It was more the fact that it was not generally recognized that the not-fully-saturated fats created by partially hydrogenating unsaturated oils contained a mix of cis and trans isomers.

(2) Trans fat free substitutes for shortening are in fact readily available -- Crisco, for example. Many manufacturers haven't switched to using them yet because they are currently slightly more expensive -- but the new labeling requirements and the publicity are pushing them in that direction.

(3) There is a difference between "hydrogenated oils" and "trans fats". "Trans fats" is the modern term for the trans isomers of fats formed by partial hydrogenation. Fully hydrogenated fats don't have cis and trans isomers. My understanding is that the trans-fat-free Crisco I linked above is formed by mixing fully hydrogenated fats (which are even more solid than partially hydrogenated fats) with unsaturated fats.

(4) I think that in principle, it would be better to have a system where restaurants were required to give nutritional information about their food, and information on how to interpret it, allowing their customers to make the choice to eat them or not. In practice however, the city of New York is probably correct that a straight-out ban would be much easier to enforce.

(PS: harpo -- SES stands for "socio-economic status", which is a short-hand way of saying "social class" without sounding like a Marxist :-)

> Trans fat free substitutes for shortening
> are in fact readily available -- Crisco, for
> example.

Actually, IIRC that is Crisco's /original product/ brought back to life after 50 years off the shelves.

Cranky

it is purely an information issue. When eating out, restaurants do not post on their menu the content of everything that they make, or in what kind of oil something was fried - and IMO it is extremely burdonsome to ask restaurants to do so. Since the information isn't, and can't, economically, be provided, it is easier just to ban them when a situation the consumer can't get the information. However, and I haven't really seen anyone who argues about the "nanny state" acknowledge this, but trans-fats for personal consumption at home are not affected in the slightest. Basically no one is stopping anyone who wants from consuming their precious trans-fats. What is being affected is that commercial businesses, already licensed and regulated by the state, are being prevented from serving them to people who don't wish to consume them, but have no idea that they are doing so.

If the justification for a ban is the lack of information, why not permit restaurants to either disclose their use of transfats or not use them?

Most restaurants in NYC are smallish "mom and pop" neighborhood-type places. I'd wager most of these have no idea what they're using - they just get whatever they get from their purveyors. For necessary identification and information purposes, we would be adding a whole another level of task-making on an already very labor-intensive industry - why do you think that restaurants don't already provide detailed nutritional information of what they sell as opposed to food processors who retail in markets? I think such a nutritional labelling requirement would be wholesale resisted by the restaurant industry - especially the small guys.
Also consider the enforcement issues *if* a restaurant could switch back and forth or mix-and-match trans-fats and non-trans-fats. If the presence of trans-fats can't really be readily detected, what's to stop restaurants from cheating or being lazy? And what would the costs be of sufficient enforcement to ensure that the policy is adhered to? I think both in costs to society (Which, after all, absorbs the health cost aspect of an unhealthy product) and the costs of providing information and enforcing that requirement, it's probably cheaper in the long-run to just ban it from commercial establishments.

Giving restaurants the choice of not using transfats or disclosing their doesn't necessarily add any burden to them. If it's cheaper to not use transfats than to disclose, they can do that.

And why is enforcement more difficult in these circumstances than under a complete ban?

And why is enforcement more difficult in these circumstances than under a complete ban?

If people just can't get the stuff from their distributors it should therefore be more easily enforced at the distributor level. Also consider the case of a restaurant that uses both and one day it's non-trans-fat shipment doesn't come in. Don't you think they would be tempted to use the trans-fat that just happens to be there anyway since no one really would be able to tell the difference? Easier to enforce if it just isn't around.

As long as Walmart and Costco are selling giant vats of Crisco, there's an enforcement problem.

The government should organize easy access to Medline and Health topics, medical dictionaries, directories and publications. WBR LeoP

The American Association for Health Education serves health educators and other professionals who promote the health of all people. WBR LeoP

I never heard of such a thing before: having to avoid certain foods if you're allergic to latex. I wonder if people who suffer from chemical sensitivities need to avoid certain foods as well. WBR LeoP

I never heard of such a thing before: having to avoid certain foods if you're allergic to latex. I wonder if people who suffer from chemical sensitivities need to avoid certain foods as well. WBR LeoP

I never heard of such a thing before: having to avoid certain foods if you're allergic to latex. I wonder if people who suffer from chemical sensitivities need to avoid certain foods as well. WBR LeoP

I never heard of such a thing before: having to avoid certain foods if you're allergic to latex. I wonder if people who suffer from chemical sensitivities need to avoid certain foods as well. WBR LeoP

I never heard of such a thing before: having to avoid certain foods if you're allergic to latex. I wonder if people who suffer from chemical sensitivities need to avoid certain foods as well. WBR LeoP


Comments closed December 26, 2006.

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